Chess is a two player strategy board game played on an eight by eight grid, in which each player commands sixteen pieces with distinct powers of movement and aims to checkmate the opposing king. The game descends from chaturanga, documented in northern India by around the sixth or seventh century AD, from which it spread west into Persia as shatranj and then into the Islamic world and medieval Europe. The modern rules, including the powerful queen and long range bishop moves that replaced weaker earlier pieces, emerged in southern Europe, most likely Spain, in the late fifteenth century. H.J.R. Murray 1913 A History of Chess remains the foundational academic study of this lineage, though it has been refined by later scholarship on the game earliest Indian sources.
Facts
Disputed
Origin YearChaturanga, chess earliest documented ancestor, is attested in northern Indian sources by around the sixth or seventh century AD, but the game likely existed in some form before the surviving textual evidence, and the exact date and place of its invention are not settled by historians. Originating Region Game TypeBoard game, abstract strategy 2 Governing BodyFederation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE), the international governing body for chess, founded in Paris in 1924. 2 Classification
Player Count Sport
Game Type (category) Game Type (category) Chess
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Source Alice chess (Wikipedia)
Source Ludii Portal (Digital Ludeme Project): Apocalypse
Source Baroque chess (Wikipedia)
Source Bughouse chess (Wikipedia)
Source Capablanca chess (Wikipedia)
Source Cheskers (Board Game Matcher page)
Source Chess with Different Armies (Wikipedia)
Source Chess960 (Wikipedia)
Source Chessence game record at the Ludii Portal
Source Circe chess (Wikipedia)
Source Circular chess (source article)
Source Congo (chess variant) (Wikipedia)
Source Cylinder chess (Wikipedia)
Source Dark chess (source article)
Source Double chess (source article)
Source Enochian chess (Wikipedia)
Source Fortress Chess (Wikipedia)
Source Grand Chess (Wikipedia)
Source Grid chess (Wikipedia)
Source Helpmate (Wikipedia)
Source Knightmare Chess (Wikipedia)
Source Kriegspiel (chess) (Wikipedia)
Source Ludii Portal record for Los Alamos Chess
Source Monster Chess (Wikipedia)
Source Progressive chess (Gambiter)
Source Three-man chess (Wikipedia)
Source Unachess (Ludii Portal)
Associated With
Tafl games were played across Scandinavia, the British Isles and other Norse-influenced regions from at least the early medieval period until being displaced in popularity by chess, per the tafl-games entity's own record.
Derived From
Chess descends from chaturanga by way of Persian shatranj; the mainstream academic view, though exact dates and some transmission details across the Persian and early European period remain debated.
Source A History of ChessH.J.R. Murray
Featured In
Source The Oxford Companion to ChessDavid Hooper and Kenneth Whyld
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Sources
1. A History of Chess
H.J.R. Murray, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1913Preface
The aim of this work is threefold: to present as complete a record as is possible of the varieties of chess which exist or have existed in different parts of the world; to investigate the ultimate origin of these games and the circumstances of the invention of chess.
entity record, description lead (player-count)
Chess is a two player strategy board game played on an eight by eight grid, in which each player commands sixteen pieces with distinct powers of movement and aims to checkmate the opposing king. The game descends from chaturanga, documented in northern India by around the sixth or seventh century AD, from which it spread west into Persia as shatranj and then into the Islamic world and me
- Derived From: Chaturanga
2. The Oxford Companion to Chess
David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, Oxford University Press, 1992
Wikipedia: World Chess Championship
WikipediaHistory section (FIDE era)Quote, History section (FIDE era)
On 20 July 1924 the participants at the Paris tournament founded FIDE as a kind of players' union.
View the Source Capablanca chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Capablanca chess, Lead, first sentenceQuote, Ancestor Of: Capablanca chess, Lead, first sentence
is a family of over twenty Western chess variants which incorporate two new pieces
View the Source Grand Chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Grand Chess, Lead sentenceQuote, Ancestor Of: Grand Chess, Lead sentence
Grand Chess is a large-board chess variant invented by Dutch games designer Christian Freeling in 1984
View the Source Cylinder chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Cylinder chess, IntroductionQuote, Ancestor Of: Cylinder chess, Introduction
Cylinder chess (or cylindrical chess) is a chess variant.
View the Source Circe chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Circe chess, IntroductionQuote, Ancestor Of: Circe chess, Introduction
Circe chess (or just Circe) is a chess variant in which captured pieces return to their starting positions as soon as they are captured.
View the Source Chess with Different Armies (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Chess with different armies, Lead sectionQuote, Ancestor Of: Chess with different armies, Lead section
two sides use different sets of fairy pieces
View the Source Fortress Chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Fortress chess, Rules sectionQuote, Ancestor Of: Fortress chess, Rules section
Fortress chess is a 4-player variant that is played in teams of 2 with teammates sitting opposite one another and moving clockwise. Within the 192 squares; there are 128 squares in the center and four 4×4 squares on each corner of the board.
View the Source Monster Chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Monster chess, Lead sectionQuote, Ancestor Of: Monster chess, Lead section
White side has only a king and four pawns to fight against all the pieces of the Black side
View the Source Alice chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Alice chess, Lead paragraphQuote, Ancestor Of: Alice chess, Lead paragraph
Alice chess is a chess variant invented in 1953 by V. R. Parton
View the Source Dark chess (source article)
Ancestor Of: Dark chess, Lead [derived-from]Quote, Ancestor Of: Dark chess, Lead [derived-from]
is a chess variant with incomplete information
View the Source Enochian chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Enochian chess, Lead sentenceQuote, Ancestor Of: Enochian chess, Lead sentence
Enochian chess is a four-player chess variant
View the Source Bughouse chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Bughouse chess, Lead paragraphQuote, Ancestor Of: Bughouse chess, Lead paragraph
Bughouse chess is a popular chess variant played on two chessboards by four players in teams of two.
View the Source Three-man chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Three-man chess, Lead [derived-from]Quote, Ancestor Of: Three-man chess, Lead [derived-from]
Three-man chess is a chess variant
View the Source Shatar (source article)
Ancestor Of: Shatar, LeadQuote, Ancestor Of: Shatar, Lead
are two chess variants played in Mongolia
View the Source Djambi (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Djambi, Lead [player-count]Quote, Ancestor Of: Djambi, Lead [player-count]
a board game and a chess variant for four players
View the Source Grid chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Grid chess, Lead sentenceQuote, Ancestor Of: Grid chess, Lead sentence
Grid chess is a chess variant invented by Walter Stead in 1953.
View the Source Ludii Portal record for Los Alamos Chess
Ancestor Of: Los Alamos chess, DescriptionQuote, Ancestor Of: Los Alamos chess, Description
Los Alamos Chess is a Chess variant played on a 6x6 board without bishops.
View the Source Ludii Portal (Digital Ludeme Project): Apocalypse
Ancestor Of: Apocalypse (chess variant), RulesQuote, Ancestor Of: Apocalypse (chess variant), Rules
Soldiers move and capture like chess pawns, while kings move and capture like chess knights.
View the Source Chessence game record at the Ludii Portal
Ancestor Of: Chessence, Description, lead sentenceQuote, Ancestor Of: Chessence, Description, lead sentence
Chessence is a chess variant invented by Jim Winslow in 1989.
View the Source Helpmate (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Helpmate, Lead [derived-from]Quote, Ancestor Of: Helpmate, Lead [derived-from]
Although the two sides cooperate, all moves must be legal according to the rules of chess.
View the Source Baroque chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Baroque chess, Lead paragraph [derived-from]Quote, Ancestor Of: Baroque chess, Lead paragraph [derived-from]
Baroque chess is a chess variant
View the Source Knightmare Chess (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Knightmare Chess, LeadQuote, Ancestor Of: Knightmare Chess, Lead
Knightmare Chess is a fantasy chess variant
View the Source Progressive chess (Gambiter)
Ancestor Of: Progressive chess, Gambiter page opening sentenceQuote, Ancestor Of: Progressive chess, Gambiter page opening sentence
Progressive chess is a chess variant in which players, rather than just making one move per turn,
View the Source Cheskers (Board Game Matcher page)
Ancestor Of: Cheskers, AboutQuote, Ancestor Of: Cheskers, About
This game is a combination of chess and checkers.
View the Source Congo (chess variant) (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Congo (chess variant), Lead [derived-from]Quote, Ancestor Of: Congo (chess variant), Lead [derived-from]
Demian was already familiar with chess and xiangqi, and the result blends some features from both.
View the Source La-Trel (Board Game Matcher)
Ancestor Of: La-Trel, AboutQuote, Ancestor Of: La-Trel, About
A unique blend of elements from Chess and Checkers
View the Source Circular chess (source article)
Ancestor Of: Circular chess, About sectionQuote, Ancestor Of: Circular chess, About section
This chess variant follows the basic rules of chess
View the Source Unachess (Ludii Portal)
Ancestor Of: Unachess, DescriptionQuote, Ancestor Of: Unachess, Description
A version of Chess where all pieces start in reserve.
View the Source Double chess (source article)
Ancestor Of: Double chess, Description [derived-from]Quote, Ancestor Of: Double chess, Description [derived-from]
Double Chess is a Chess variant played on a 12x16 board.
View the Source Wikipedia, Bill Robertie
WikipediaPlayed By: Bill Robertie, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Bill Robertie, Lead sentence
is a backgammon, chess, and poker player, author and teacher.
View the Source Wikipedia, Anatoly Karpov
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is a Russian and former Soviet chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, and politician.
View the Source Wikipedia, Viswanathan Anand
WikipediaPlayed By: Viswanathan Anand, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Viswanathan Anand, Lead sentence
is an Indian chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Hou Yifan
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is a Chinese chess grandmaster, four-time Women's World Chess Champion and professor at Peking University.
View the Source Wikipedia, Vladimir Kramnik
WikipediaPlayed By: Vladimir Kramnik, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Vladimir Kramnik, Lead sentence
is a Russian chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Mikhail Tal
WikipediaPlayed By: Mikhail Tal, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Mikhail Tal, Lead sentence
was a Soviet Latvian chess grandmaster and the eighth World Chess Champion.
View the Source Wikipedia, Emanuel Lasker
WikipediaPlayed By: Emanuel Lasker, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Emanuel Lasker, Lead sentence
was a German chess player, mathematician, and philosopher.
View the Source Wikipedia, Jose Raul Capablanca
WikipediaPlayed By: Jose Raul Capablanca, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Jose Raul Capablanca, Lead sentence
was a Cuban chess player who was the third world chess champion from 1921 to 1927.
View the Source Wikipedia, Wilhelm Steinitz
WikipediaPlayed By: Wilhelm Steinitz, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Wilhelm Steinitz, Lead sentence
was a Bohemian-Austrian, and later American, chess player.
View the Source Wikipedia, Ding Liren
WikipediaPlayed By: Ding Liren, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Ding Liren, Lead sentence
is a Chinese chess grandmaster who was the 17th World Chess Champion from 2023-24.
View the Source Wikipedia, Xie Jun
WikipediaPlayed By: Xie Jun, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Xie Jun, Lead sentence
is a Chinese chess grandmaster and is the first Asian woman to become a chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Susan Polgar
WikipediaPlayed By: Susan Polgar, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Susan Polgar, Lead sentence
is a Hungarian-American chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Fabiano Caruana
WikipediaPlayed By: Fabiano Caruana, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Fabiano Caruana, Lead sentence
is an Italian and American chess grandmaster who is the reigning and five-time United States Chess Champion.
View the Source Wikipedia, Hikaru Nakamura
WikipediaPlayed By: Hikaru Nakamura, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Hikaru Nakamura, Lead sentence
is an American chess grandmaster, internet personality, five-time U.S. Chess Champion, and the 2022 World Fischer Random Chess Champion.
View the Source Wikipedia, Gukesh Dommaraju
WikipediaPlayed By: Gukesh Dommaraju, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Gukesh Dommaraju, Lead sentence
is an Indian chess grandmaster and the reigning World Chess Champion.
View the Source Wikipedia, Ju Wenjun
WikipediaPlayed By: Ju Wenjun, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Ju Wenjun, Lead sentence
is a Chinese chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Yoshiharu Habu
WikipediaPlayed By: Yoshiharu Habu, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Yoshiharu Habu, Lead sentence
is a professional shogi player and a chess FIDE Master.
View the Source Wikipedia, Alexander Alekhine
WikipediaPlayed By: Alexander Alekhine, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Alexander Alekhine, Lead sentence
was a Russian and French chess player and the fourth World Chess Champion, a title he held for two reigns.
View the Source Wikipedia, Max Euwe
Wikimedia FoundationPlayed By: Max Euwe, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Max Euwe, Lead sentence
was a Dutch chess player, mathematician, author, and chess administrator.
View the Source Wikipedia, Vasily Smyslov
WikipediaPlayed By: Vasily Smyslov, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Vasily Smyslov, Lead sentence
was a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster who was the seventh World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958.
View the Source Wikipedia, Tigran Petrosian
Wikimedia FoundationPlayed By: Tigran Petrosian, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Tigran Petrosian, Lead sentence
was a Soviet-Armenian chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Boris Spassky
WikipediaPlayed By: Boris Spassky, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Boris Spassky, Lead sentence
was a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster who was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from 1969 to 1972.
View the Source Nona Gaprindashvili - Wikipedia
Played By: Nona Gaprindashvili, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Nona Gaprindashvili, Lead sentence
is a Georgian chess Grandmaster.
View the Source Maia Chiburdanidze - Wikipedia
Played By: Maia Chiburdanidze, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Maia Chiburdanidze, Lead sentence
is a Georgian chess Grandmaster.
View the Source Veselin Topalov - Wikipedia
Played By: Veselin Topalov, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Veselin Topalov, Lead sentence
is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former FIDE World Chess Champion.
View the Source Ruslan Ponomariov - Wikipedia
Played By: Ruslan Ponomariov, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Ruslan Ponomariov, Lead sentence
is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.
View the Source Rustam Kasimdzhanov - Wikipedia
Played By: Rustam Kasimdzhanov, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Rustam Kasimdzhanov, Lead sentence
is an Uzbek chess grandmaster and a former FIDE World Chess Champion (2004-2005).
View the Source Anna Ushenina - Wikipedia
Played By: Anna Ushenina, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Anna Ushenina, Lead sentence
is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster who was Women's World Chess Champion from November 2012 to September 2013.
View the Source Miguel Najdorf, Wikipedia
Played By: Miguel Najdorf, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Miguel Najdorf, Lead sentence
was a Polish-Argentine chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Amon Simutowe
Played By: Amon Simutowe, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Amon Simutowe, Lead sentence
is a Zambian chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Eugene Torre
Played By: Eugenio Torre, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Eugenio Torre, Lead sentence
is a Filipino chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Levon Aronian
Played By: Levon Aronian, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Levon Aronian, Lead sentence
is an Armenian chess grandmaster who has represented the United States since 2021.
View the Source Wikipedia, Teimour Radjabov
Played By: Teimour Radjabov, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Teimour Radjabov, Lead sentence
is an Azerbaijani chess grandmaster.
View the Source Wikipedia, Hans Berliner
Played By: Hans Berliner, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Hans Berliner, Lead sentence
was an American chess player and computer scientist.
View the Source Paul Keres (Wikipedia)
Played By: Paul Keres, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Paul Keres, Lead sentence
was an Estonian chess grandmaster and chess writer.
View the Source Samuel Reshevsky (Wikipedia)
Played By: Samuel Reshevsky, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Samuel Reshevsky, Lead sentence
was a Polish chess prodigy and later a leading American chess grandmaster.
View the Source Aron Nimzowitsch (Wikipedia)
Played By: Aron Nimzowitsch, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Aron Nimzowitsch, Lead sentence
was a Russian-born Danish chess player and writer.
View the Source Walter Browne (Wikipedia)
Played By: Walter Browne, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Walter Browne, Lead sentence
was an Australian-born American chess and poker player.
View the Source Robert Hübner (Wikipedia)
Played By: Robert Hübner, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Robert Hübner, Lead sentence
was a German chess grandmaster, chess writer, and papyrologist.
View the Source Jan Gustafsson (Wikipedia)
Played By: Jan Gustafsson, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Jan Gustafsson, Lead sentence
is a German chess player, analyst and trainer.
View the Source Jennifer Shahade (Wikipedia)
Played By: Jennifer Shahade, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Jennifer Shahade, Lead sentence
is an American chess player, poker player, commentator and writer.
View the Source Rustem Dautov (Wikipedia)
Played By: Rustem Dautov, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Rustem Dautov, Lead sentence
is a German chess player of Tatar origin who holds the FIDE title of Grandmaster.
View the Source Alexandra Botez (Wikipedia)
Played By: Alexandra Botez, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Alexandra Botez, Lead sentence
is an American-born Canadian chess player, poker player, online streamer and YouTuber.
View the Source Isaac Haxton (Wikipedia)
Played By: Isaac Haxton, Lead sentenceQuote, Played By: Isaac Haxton, Lead sentence
is an American professional poker player, amateur chess player, and a youth chess champion.
View the Source Alexander Morozevich (Wikipedia)
Played By: Alexander Morozevich, Lead, first sentence [plays]Quote, Played By: Alexander Morozevich, Lead, first sentence [plays]
is a Russian chess player
View the Source Chess960 (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Chess960, LeadQuote, Ancestor Of: Chess960, Lead
Chess960, also known as Fischer Random Chess, is a chess variant
View the Source Kriegspiel (chess) (Wikipedia)
Ancestor Of: Kriegspiel (chess), Lead [derived-from]Quote, Ancestor Of: Kriegspiel (chess), Lead [derived-from]
Kriegspiel is a chess variant
View the Source David Baramidze (Wikipedia)
Played By: David Baramidze, Lead sentence [plays]Quote, Played By: David Baramidze, Lead sentence [plays]
is a German chess Grandmaster
View the Source Essays About This Entity (1 essay)
What Actually Holds The Chess Family Together
Chess: cited for its own documented descent from Chaturanga through Persia and the Islamic world.
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