This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.
Mancala's reputation as one of the world's oldest games rests on a shaky foundation: pitted stones that look right for the game, found across Africa and the Middle East, but rarely dated with confidence. Alex de Voogt reviewed that literature in 2021 and reached a more conservative conclusion: the family's ubiquity across Africa and its appearance as graffiti boards on ancient monuments has created speculation about its age that archaeology and historical record cannot yet confirm. His own summary is blunt about the honest limit of the evidence: mancala games are of distinct kinds with separate histories, and their antiquity goes back hundreds of years, but not yet thousands.